Immersed boundary method applied to flow past a tree skeleton

We present numerical predictions and experimental observations of the drag force on major branches a model tree as well wind field in its wake. The was mounted sensor tunnel. simulations solved both Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes detached eddy simulations, combination with an immersed boundary representation tree, while measurements were obtained WindEEE Dome. Contrary to previous studies trees or fractal structures, we find that simulated forces skeleton strongly dependent roughness surface. Upon setting proper surface roughness, capable predicting wake fields, which good agreement terms mean speed, turbulence spectra. Furthermore, showed speed reduced for up distance two heights downwind skeleton, underlining efficiency remove momentum from flow.